📓 1.2.0.18 Assignment, Comparison, and Equality Operators

JavaScript has many operators for many different situations. We've already learned about a two types of operators:

• Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, and /.
• The assignment operator: =

Let's now take the time to learn about more JavaScript operators used for assignment and comparison. For a list of all JavaScript operators, visit the MDN reference page on Expressions and Operators. We'll be linking to specific sections within the MDN "Expressions and Operators" page throughout this lesson.

Assignment Operators

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We've already seen how we can use the = assignment operator to set a variable equal to a value.

> const favoriteNumber = 42;
> favoriteNumber;
42

The = is called an assignment operator because it assigns the value on the right of the operator to the variable on the left. In the above example, favoriteNumber is assigned the value 42.

Another assignment operator is the += operator, because it also assigns a new value to the variable on the left based on the value to the right.

> let myNumber = 5;
> myNumber += 1;
> myNumber;
6

There is an assignment operator for each of the mathematical functions: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

+=
-=
*=
/=

When you use any of these assignment operators, the value of the variable on the left side is changed by the math operation and value on the right. Let's do one of each:

> let testNumber = 10;
> testNumber += 5;
> testNumber;
15
> testNumber -= 9;
> testNumber;
6
> testNumber *= 3;
> testNumber;
18
> testNumber /= 2
> testNumber;
9

Documentation on Assignment Operators

Visit this link for the MDN reference page on assignment operators:

• Assignment Operators

Comparison Operators

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Assignment operators change the value of the variable on the left of the operator. Comparison operators do not change any values, but return the booleans true or false depending on whether the JavaScript expression evaluates as true or false.

> const myNumber = 5;
> myNumber < 10;
true
> myNumber > 10;
false

Comparison operators are also called relational operators, because they help find the relationship between two operands, asking questions like "is 10 bigger than 5?".

Greater Than Operator >

> means "greater-than (and not equal to)":

• 3 > 4 evaluates to false.
• 3 > 3 also evaluates to false, because 3 is equal to 3 and not greater.
• 3 > 2 evaluates to true.

Less Than Operator <

< is the opposite of >. It means "less-than (and not equal to)":

• 3 < 5 evaluates to true.
• 3 < 3 evaluates to false because they are equal.

Greater Than or Equal Operator >=

>= is the same as >, except it evaluates to true if the two sides are equal:

• 3 >= 3 evaluates to true
• 3 >= 2 also evaluates to true.

Less Than or Equal Operator <=

<= is the opposite of >=. It means "less-than-or-equal-to":

• 3 <= 3 evaluates to true because 3 is equal to 3.
• 3 <= 1 evaluates to false
• 3 <= 5 evaluates to true.

In the above examples, notice that the comparison operators return one of two values: true or false. Notice that there are no quotes around these values. true and false aren't strings — they're called booleans. They simply represent being true or false.

Documentation on Comparison/Relational Operators

Visit this link for the MDN reference page on relational operators:

• Relational Operators

Equality Operators

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We can also compare the equality of two operands with equality operators. This means we can check to see whether or not two operands have the same value. Equality operators return a boolean; true or false.

> const myNumber = 5;
> myNumber === 10;
false
> myNumber === 5;
true

Notice the triple equal signs syntax: ===. This is a type of equality operator called strict equality. We use 3 equal signs === when we are asking if two operands are equal to each other. When we're assigning a variable to a value, such as const myNumber = 5 we use a single equal sign =. Mixing these up is one of the easiest syntax errors to make.

JavaScript also has an equal operator with 2 equal signs, ==, but it is almost never used and you should generally avoid it. Try out this example in the DevTools Console:

> const myNumber = 5;
> myNumber === 5;
true
> myNumber === "5"
false
> myNumber == "5"
true

The double equals operator returns true when comparing 5 == "5", indicating that a number and a string are the same. Whereas the strict equality operator with 3 equal signs returns false when comparing 5 === "5", because a number and a string are not the same data type. With the double equals operator, JavaScript will make the assumption that you want the two different data types to be evaluated the same. As a developer you may not be expecting that assumption and this can lead to confusing bugs in your code.

Take some time to play around more with the double equals operator and the strict equality operator by visiting the MDN documentation:

• Strict Equality Operator
• Double Equals Operator

We can also check the opposite of equality — not being equal — with the inequality operator !==.

> const myNumber = 5;
> myNumber !== 10;
true
> myNumber !== 5;
false

Equality operators work for strings as well.

> const greeting = "hello world";
> greeting === "hello world";
true
> greeting === "goodbye";
false
> greeting;
"hello world"

Notice that if you type greeting after using the equality operators, you will see that the variable greeting still contains the string "hello world". Comparison and equality operators do not change the value of the variable. Let's look at another example to illustrate that important difference between assignment operators and comparison/equality operators.

> let myNumber = 5;
> myNumber === 5;
true
> myNumber === 10;
false
> myNumber = 10;
> myNumber === 10;
true
> myNumber === 5;
false

Notice that we use let instead of const here because we reassign the value of myNumber to 10. We wouldn't be able to do that if myNumber were a constant variable declared with const.

Here are some more examples of equality operators.

Equality Operator ===

=== means "equal-to".

• 5 === 5 or "cat" === "cat" evaluate to true
• 3 === 5 or "cat" === "dog" evaluate to false.

Inequality Operator !==

!== means "not-equal-to". It is the opposite of ===.

• "cat" !== "dog" evaluates to true
• 5 !== 5 evaluates to false, because saying that 5 is not equal to 5 is not true.

Documentation on Equality Operators

Visit this link for the MDN reference page on equality operators:

• Equality Operators